Syrie : la production alimentaire en péril, le blé, l’autre arme du conflit

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Inquiétudes supplémentaires pour le peuple syrien. Alors que le pays va entrer dans son sixième hiver de guerre, le Programme alimentaire mondial (Pam) et l’Organisation pour l’alimentation et l‘agriculture (Fao), la production alimentaire de la Syrie n’a jamais été aussi faible.

La production de blé est ainsi tombée d’une moyenne de 3,4 millions de tonnes par an avant le conflit à 1,5 million de tonnes cette année, selon un communiqué conjoint de ces agences de l’Onu.

Selon un rapport s’appuyant sur des visites de terrain et des enquêtes à travers le pays, la superficie plantée en céréales au cours de la campagne agricole 2015-2016 est la plus petite jamais réalisée. Les agriculteurs ont semé quelque 900 000 hectares de blé au cours de l’année écoulée, contre 1,5 million d’hectares avant la crise.

« La production alimentaire de la Syrie atteint un record à la baisse du fait des affrontements et de l’insécurité mais aussi à cause des conditions météorologiques », a tenu à préciser quant à elle Bettina Lüscher, porte-parole du Pam, lors d’un point de presse à Genève.

«Aujourd’hui, nous constatons que près de 80 % des ménages syriens sont aux prises avec une pénurie de nourriture ou d’argent permettant d’acheter de la nourriture. Et la situation ne fera que s’aggraver si nous ne soutenons pas les agriculteurs pour qu’ils puissent conserver leurs terres et leurs moyens d’existence», a déclaré M.Abdessalam Ould Ahmed, Sous-directeur général et Représentant du Bureau régional de la FAO pour le Proche-Orient et l’Afrique du Nord. «L’agriculture était la principale source de revenus des ménages ruraux avant la crise et elle continue à produire dans une certaine mesure, mais elle est étirée au maximum et les agriculteurs ont largement épuisé leur capacité de faire face à la situation», a-t-il ajouté.

«La situation alimentaire de millions personne à l’intérieur de la Syrie continue de se détériorer. Plus de sept millions de personnes sont classées en situation d’insécurité alimentaire à travers le pays. Elles ont épuisé toutes leurs économies et n’ont plus rien à offrir à manger à leurs familles», a indiqué de son côté M. Muhammad Hadi, Directeur régional du PAM pour le Moyen-Orient, l’Afrique du Nord, l’Asie centrale et l’Europe de l’Est.
Selon les dernières enquêtes auprès des ménages, quelque 9,4 millions de personnes à travers la Syrie ont besoin d’assistance, soit quelque 716 000 de plus qu’en septembre 2015. Les gouvernorats qui ont le plus grand nombre de personnes dans le besoin sont Quneitra, Dara’a, Damas, Idleb et Alep.

– Quand la Syrie passe d’exportateur à importateur de blé – 

Berceau mondial de l’agriculture, implantée dans le Croissant Fertile, la Syrie connaît actuellement une situation dramatique sur le plan agricole. Une situation liée certes au conflit, mais aussi à une sécheresse endémique qui s’explique en grande partie par les effets du changement climatique dans la région.

Jusqu’à une période récente, le secteur agricole constituait pourtant l’une des forces du pays. La Syrie était même le seul pays de la région à être auto-suffisant sur le plan alimentaire et elle était aussi exportatrice de blé.

Début 2013, l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) indiquait ainsi que la production de blé et d’orge avait diminué de moitié en Syrie depuis mars 2011. En 2013, la récolte de blé aurait été la plus mauvaise depuis trois décennies. Les besoins du pays sont évalués quant à eux à 5,1 millions de tonnes.

La Syrie est par conséquent devenue importatrice de blé. Selon l’agence Reuters, elle aurait ainsi importé 550 000 tonnes de blé en 2012 et jusqu’à 2,4 millions de tonnes en 2013.

Outre le blé, le pays produisait aussi de l’orge, des betteraves à sucre, des fruits, des légumes et de l’huile d’olive. Avant la guerre, l’agriculture représentait ainsi 25 % du PIB syrien et employait 14 % de la population active du pays.

Face à une telle situation, l’instabilité que connaît le pays n’a pu que s’aggraver, le contexte générant un  exode rural massif, une forte augmentation du prix des denrées alimentaires et un  accroissement de l’insécurité alimentaire . Si entre 2011 et 2014 le prix du pain a été multiplié par trois, il s’est envolé de 87 % entre 2014 et 2015.

La dépréciation de la livre syrienne limite encore plus la capacité des Syriens à payer leurs importations essentielles. En raison à la fois des sanctions économiques, des perturbations du marché et de la baisse de la valeur de la livre syrienne, les prix des intrants agricoles ont également augmenté plus vite que ceux des produits finis.

– Quand réchauffement climatique et conflit génèrent l’exode rural

Certes, le secteur agricole se trouve grandement désorganisé en raison du conflit, ce dernier provoquant tout à la fois une insécurité physique pour les agriculteurs, l’indisponibilité de la main-d’œuvre, la destruction de matériels agricoles, des dommages sur les systèmes d’irrigation, l’augmentation du prix du carburant, des coupures d’électricité. Et bien d’autres maux.

Mais durant la période 2007-2008, la Syrie a subi la sécheresse la plus grave depuis plus de quatre décennies. Celle-ci a eu des conséquences dramatiques pour le secteur agricole – avant même que ne débute le conflit – en provoquant un effondrement de la production et même une véritable désertification de terres agricoles. Ces effets de la sécheresse sur la production agricole ont aussi été aggravés par le manque d’entretien des systèmes d’irrigation construits dans les années 1970 par les Soviétiques.

Selon un rapport des Nations unies publié en 2010, la population affectée par la sécheresse à la fin des années 2000 a vu ainsi son revenu décroître de plus de 90 % en moyenne. De nombreux agriculteurs n’ont pas eu de récoltes pendant deux années consécutives et des bergers ont perdu plus de 80 % de leurs troupeaux. Une très large majorité de la population touchée a également souffert de malnutrition. Au total, plus de 1,5 million de personnes auraient été ainsi contraintes de se déplacer du Nord-Est du pays vers les villes du Sud.

Certains observateurs considèrent même que la sécheresse des années 2000 a largement contribué au déclenchement du conflit en Syrie. Ils ont notamment constaté que les premiers lieux de soulèvements se trouvaient dans les régions agricoles les plus économiquement touchées par la sécheresse.

Au-delà, le secteur agricole syrien souffre également de mauvais choix opérés par les gouvernements syriens, notamment une mauvaise utilisation des ressources en eau.

Un rapport publié par la Banque mondiale en 2001 prévenait la Syrie à ce propos en expliquant que « le gouvernement devra reconnaître qu’atteindre une sécurité alimentaire à court terme en ce qui concerne le blé et les autres céréales tout en encourageant une production de coton qui exige beaucoup d’eau est à même de remettre en cause la sécurité de la Syrie sur le long terme en réduisant les ressources disponibles des nappes phréatiques ».

– Blé et secteur agricole : une arme stratégique et juteuse pour Daesh

La présence territoriale de l’EI « se superpose » avec les « greniers à céréales » de la région, soit le nord de l’Irak et le nord-est de la Syrie, soulignait déjà en août 2015 Sébastien Abis, chercheur à l’Institut des Relations internationales et stratégiques (Iris) et auteur de la « Géopolitique du blé ».

En Syrie, les djihadistes ont mis la main sur 30 % de la production de blé, dans les régions de Rakka et Deir es-Zor ainsi que sur les trois-quarts de la production de coton, dont la Syrie était un grand exportateur avant la guerre.

Lors de leur offensive éclair dans le nord de l’Irak en juin 2014, les combattants de l’EI ont pris le contrôle des silos à grains des provinces de Ninive et Salahadine, qui concentrent plus d’un tiers de la production de blé et 40 % de celle d’orge du pays.
Daesh s’est ainsi emparé de plus d’un million de tonnes de blé, « soit un cinquième de la consommation annuelle irakienne », estime Jean-Charles Brisard, spécialiste du financement du terrorisme.

Or, comme dans tout le Moyen-Orient et l’Afrique du Nord, le pain représente la base de l’alimentation en Irak et en Syrie, qui doivent désormais importer du blé. Une « opportunité » que les djihadistes ont su saisir – voire provoquer ? – en transférant beaucoup de blé d’Irak en Syrie pour le transformer en farine et le revendre.

Le blé permet également de s’assurer les bonnes grâces des populations. Daesh  distribue ainsi du pain gratuitement ou à très bas prix dans les zones sous son contrôle.

– Le pays en panne de semences

A noter enfin, qu’en raison de la guerre et de la fermeture d’un centre stratégique de stockage de semences à Alep, les agriculteurs syriens n’avaient plus accès à aucune des semences développées par les agronomes locaux.

Il a fallu demander au conservatoire mondial basé en Norvège de reprendre le matériel génétique syrien stocké chez eux pour pouvoir faire repartir la multiplication des plantes, désormais assurée dans des pays voisins de la Syrie.

Le conflit a considérablement réduit la capacité du gouvernement de se procurer et de distribuer des semences de qualité à des prix subventionnés. De ce fait, de nombreux agriculteurs sont contraints de puiser dans leurs stocks de semences, d’emprunter auprès de proches ou d’acheter des graines au prix fort sur le marché.

Pour aider les familles à continuer à cultiver et à élever du bétail, la FAO a depuis début 2016 soutenu plus d’un demi-million de personnes en leur distribuant des semences de céréales et de légumes et de la volaille vivante pour l’élevage. Elle a également livré du fourrage et organisé des campagnes de vaccination.

Sources : Reuters, PAM, Banque Mondiale, FAO, AFP

Elisabeth Studer – 16 novembre 2016 – www.leblogfinance.com

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(97 commentaires)

  1. La Russie fournit (aussi) du blé à la Syrie

    PUBLIÉ LE 14/10/2016
    La Syrie a commandé 1 million de tonnes de blé auprès de la Russie pour satisfaire les besoins alimentaires des régions restées sous le contrôle de Bachar al-Assad, affirme Reuters.

    L’agence syrienne d’achat de céréales aurait conclu avec la Russie un accord en vue de l’achat d’un million de tonnes de blé, indique l’agence Reuters. L’objectif serait de couvrir pour une durée d’un an les besoins dans les zones contrôlées par le gouvernement, afin d’assurer la fourniture de pains subventionnés à ces populations. D’après l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO), 9,4 millions de personnes, soit plus de la moitié de la population syrienne, sont incapables de satisfaire leurs besoins alimentaires de base.

    Le prix proposé par les autorités russes s’élèverait à 168 dollars la tonne, coûts et fret inclus, un montant bien inférieur à celui proposé à d’autres pays, dont l’Egypte, premier acheteur mondial de blé. La Russie bénéficie, cette année, d’une récolte record de céréales (113 millions de tonnes). La Syrie avait déjà acheté 350 000 tonnes de blé d’origine russe durant l’été.

  2. Le « croissant fertile » !! c’est de l’histoire ancienne qu’elle est la production de céréales des voisins.

    Si la Russie bien plus au nord a des récoltes record sur du terrain non cultivable avant à cause du froid, il faut prévoir le corollaire au Sud. La désertification.

    La côte syrienne peut craindre d’autre part un méga tremblement de terre avec monstrueux tsunami !!
    Il ne faut pas croire que la plaque africaine n’est plus en mouvement vers le nord !!

  5. irak : bataille agricole et bataille de l’eau
    http://www.irinnews.org/fr/report/89037/irak-la-production-nationale-de-riz-et-de-bl%C3%A9-au-plus-bas

    L’Irak prévoit d’importer 80 pour cent de ses besoins en blé et riz en 2010, d’après Hussein Ghazy, porte-parole de Grains Company, une entreprise publique de céréales affiliée au ministère du Commerce.

    Les statistiques du ministère du Commerce indiquent que l’Irak a importé 3,55 millions de tonnes de blé et 1,17 million de tonnes de riz l’année dernière – contre respectivement 2,54 millions de tonnes et 610 000 tonnes en 2008.

    La hausse des importations est la conséquence des faibles niveaux d’eau de l’Euphrate et du Tigre, qui provoquent la baisse de la production, a dit Aoun Thiab Abdullah, du ministère des Ressources en eau. Il a averti que l’Iraq pourrait être confronté à une autre saison agricole difficile cet été.

    « La quantité d’eau que nous recevons de l’Euphrate à la frontière avec la Syrie s’élève à environ 250 mètres cube par seconde, ce qui est encore bas… Quant au Tigre, nous avons observé une baisse de 50 pour cent du débit, qui est passé de 1 680 mètres cube par seconde [en avril 2003 et avant] à 836 mètres cube par seconde ». Il a noté que les réservoirs alimentés par le Tigre présentaient actuellement un niveau raisonnable.

    Cependant, les trois plus grands réservoirs alimentés par l’Euphrate – le réservoir d’Haditha, Mosul Dam et Habaniyah Lake – connaissent de graves pénuries d’eau, a-t-il dit.

    En raison des pénuries d’eau et des niveaux élevés de salinité des sols, le gouvernement a décidé en 2009 de réduire de moitié la zone de culture de riz, qui dépend entièrement de l’eau de l’Euphrate.

    « Cette situation nous inquiète, en particulier parce que la saison d’été approche, et que cela pourrait même affecter le début de la prochaine saison d’hiver, période à laquelle la première irrigation est nécessaire [en octobre et novembre] », a dit M. Abdullah.

    Un secteur agricole faible

    La plupart des terres irakiennes – 78 pour cent – ne sont pas adaptées à l’usage agricole. Près de la moitié des 9,5 millions d’hectares restants sont des terres marginales utilisées principalement pour le pâturage saisonnier des chèvres et des moutons, d’après un rapport de juin 2004 destiné au Congrès américain. La production agricole ne représente qu’environ quatre pour cent du Produit intérieur brut.

    L’agriculture a été paralysée par des décennies de guerre et d’insécurité, le sous-investissement et l’abattage non contrôlé des arbres pour produire du bois de chauffage, qui a aggravé la salinité et la désertification. D’après le ministère de l’Agriculture, la salinité affecte au moins 40 pour cent des terres agricoles, principalement dans le centre et le sud de l’Irak, tandis que 40 à 50 pour cent des terres qui étaient productives dans les années 1970 ont été affectées par la désertification.

    Un rapport de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) a estimé qu’un « tiers de la population irakienne réside dans des zones rurales et a des moyens de subsistance qui dépendent de l’agriculture. Cependant, ce segment de la population souffre proportionnellement plus [que les autres] de la pauvreté et de l’insécurité alimentaire, puisque 69 pour cent de l’ensemble des Irakiens vivant dans l’extrême pauvreté et l’insécurité alimentaire résident dans des zones rurales ».

    D’après la FAO, les cultivateurs de blé irakiens ont observé une baisse de 55 pour cent de la production en 2008 en raison d’un contexte de sécheresse sévère, et la dépendance aux importations a augmenté en 2008, atteignant 74 pour cent pour le blé et 69 pour cent pour les céréales en général.

  6. Merci pour les données !! Nos pingouins, dit de droite, prisonniers d’une « primaire » débile montrent clairement qu’ils n’ont rien dans la citrouille !!
    Pour ce qui est du ludion Sarko et de son copain, de moins de 30 berges, Juppé, il est clair qu’en attaquant Kadhafi au profit des islamistes ils sont devenus des criminels qui seront jugés.
    La France n’a pas besoin de ce genre de criminels, nous n’avons pas besoin non plus, car notre modèle est la laïcité, de tous les états religieux fauteurs de guerre et de misère du Moyen Orient, leur liquidation viendra plus rapidement que certains ne le pensent.

  7. ca devrait vous plaire :

    Le défunt colonel Kadhafi déclarait à une télévision turque le 7 mars 2011 (huit mois avant sa mort) : «La négligence sur la stabilité de la Libye entraînera l’effondrement de la paix dans le monde via la non-stabilité en mer Méditerranée. Dans le cas où notre pouvoir en Libye devrait s’achever, il y aurait un déversement de millions d’Africains clandestins en Italie, en France… »
    Et de poursuivre : «… et l’Europe deviendrait noire en peu de temps. C’est notre pouvoir qui bloque l’immigration clandestine. C’est grâce à nous qu’il règne la stabilité en Méditerranée, tout au long des 2.000 km de côtes libyennes. Nous empêchons l’immigration, le développement d’Al-Qaïda. Sauf pour ceux qui se sont faufilés jusqu’à présent. Donc, si la stabilité de la Libye venait à être ébranlée, cela aurait immédiatement des mauvaises répercussions sur l’Europe et en Méditerranée, et sur Israël. Tous seront en danger.»
    Comme quoi 41 années de pouvoir autocratique avaient donné au «guide de la révolution de la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne» un certain recul visionnaire sur la géopolitique de sa région. La responsabilité des occidentaux et de leur guide éclairé, BHL, est d’autant plus grande dans les drames qui se jouent sur la méditerranée.
    Rappelons que c’est une mirage 2000D de l’escadron de chasse 3/3 Ardennes qui a stoppé le convoi qui transportait M.Kadhafi, amenant ainsi son arrestation, son exécution sommaire, et l’ouverture de la Lybie au déplacement des populations chassées par les islamistes vers le continent européen. En France, les élections présidentielles de 2017 pourraient bien être l’échéance des règlements de compte entre les responsbles français qui ont contribué à déclencher cette situation épouvantable.

  8. BHL aussi il doit chercher de bons avocats !!
    Pour ce qui est de la  » chaine de commandement » qui est à l’origine de la livraison de Kadhafi et de son fils aux islamistes qui ont appliqué la Charia, ils peuvent se rendre à la Mecque, ou ils trouveront un refuge provisoire comme Idi Amin Dada ou Ben Ali !!
    Utiliser des gendarmes à la Mecque, après les avoir « convertis express » n’est pas plus malin surtout quand ils signalent à leur retour avoir participé à cette fantaisie !!
    Nous avons de « pseudo dirigeants contreversés » pire que les charlots qui étaient à la tête du » pseudo état français » du début des années 40

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  91. I have a website that has been up and running for some time now, and for numerous reasons I want to replace it with a WordPress site.. . So, how do I start building the WordPress site – in a seperate folder from the « public_html » folder? Then when you are ready to move it into the public_html folder, do you have to correct whatever file-paths and link errors?.

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